John Ford and Harry Carey at Universal Studios

A Dynamic Duo of Early Feature Filmmaking

John Ford and Harry Carey at Universal Studios

John Ford

A March 1917 article in "Moving Picture Weekly" (the trade magazine published by Universal Film Manufacturing Company) introduced a young "Assistant Director" who was "coming rapidly on the filmy horizons and making swift progress on the road to fame and fortune." He was so new that little information had been printed about Jack Ford. (The young Ford used the nickname "Jack" rather than the more formal "John".) He told the writer that he was born in Portland Maine in 1895 and educated at the University of Maine. His height was 6'2" and his hair and eyes were brown. His screen career had been as an assistant to his brother, Francis Ford, since July 1914. He had been directing his own company for a short time and was currently directing a three-reel picture starring Harry Carey. The older brother "is warned to look to his laurels or the kid will catch up." This warning was quite prescient, as the kid very quickly "caught up" and went by in a hurry. By 1918, as Jack's directing career was advancing, Francis was starting on a decline toward his status in the talkies as a minor, often uncredited, character actor.

John Ford was baptized John Martin Feeney (he also gave the alternates Sean Aloysius O'Feeney or O'Fearna). He used "Jack Ford" until 1922. After settling in Hollywood, his older brother Francis put him to work as a property man, stunt rider, assistant cameraman, and grip. The aspiring filmmaker studied the techniques of the cameramen and editors, learning how to cut and edit in the camera. From 1914-1916, Jack played parts in 15 films directed by Francis and collaborated on the script (usually with Grace Cunard) for many of them.

Advanced by the studio to "assistant director", Jack Ford had a busy first year. He began his career by writing, starring in, and directing a 2 reel film, The Tornado (1917). He wrote, starred in, and directed two more (1917) short films, Trail of Hate and The Scrapper. His first films with Harry Carey, The Soul Herder and Cheyenne's Pal (both 1917), were also shorts. These short films were well received by audiences and film critics.

In 1917, Universal was advancing production from mostly short to mostly feature films (at least 5 reels). The Ford/Carey partnership proceeded to make features, putting out four in 1917, the first of which was Straight Shooting. With Carey as the star, Jack Ford directed 22 western features.

Their partnership for Universal Studios continued, mostly uninterrupted, for three years, from late 1917 through 1919. In 1920, Carey continued to make westerns for Universal Studios, but none of them were directed by Ford; Ford made his first non-westerns for Universal and signed with Fox Film Corp. In Spring 1921, Ford made three final films with Carey. By 1922, Ford was with Fox. At Fox Films, Ford made westerns, including The Iron Horse (1924), one of the best known of silent westerns. He also directed many silent comedies and dramas with contemporary settings. Carey continued with Universal through 1922, but in 1923 he was with the independent Robertson/Cole Company. Carey made westerns throughout the 1920's, modestly budgeted films made for independent producers.

Speaking with Peter Bogdanovich in the 1960's, Ford claimed that the only thing he always had was an eye for composition. He called Harry Carey a great actor and credited Carey with tutoring him in the early years, sort of bringing him along. He described the films with Carey as character stories rather than shoot-em-ups. Star and director made Carey's character into a sort of a bum, a saddle tramp, instead of a great gun-fighting hero.

Francis Ford

Francis Ford (1881-1953) started in films several years before his brother came to Hollywood. In 1909 Francis began his film career as an actor for the Méliès Manufacturing Company, the American film studio of Georges and Gaston Méliès located in Fort Lee New Jersey. In 1912 he was with The Thomas H. Ince Company directing and appearing in Kay-Bee and Bison pictures. In 1914, Francis joined the Universal Film Manufacturing Co. From 1909 Francis specialized in western shorts, after 1912 collaborating with actor and writer Grace Cunard. In 1914 Francis directed Grace Cunard in Lucille Love: Girl of Mystery, a serial modeled on The Perils of Pauline. From 1916 to 1919, Frances made several serials. With Grace Cunard, he wrote many of his own films. Jack Ford arrived in 1914 and appeared in several of his brother's movies. Francis continued acting and directing through the twenties, directing his final film in 1929. He was a minor character actor for the remainder of his career. John Ford told Peter Bogdanovich that "Frank was a great cameraman, a really good artist, wonderful musician, a hell of a good actor, and a good director, a johnny of all trades. He just couldn't concentrate on one thing too long."

Harry Carey

Carey joined the Biograph Company in 1909. Appropriately, his first film, Bill Sharkey's Last Game> (1909, directed by D. W. Griffith), was a western. During five years with Biograph, Carey appeared in dozens of short films, many of them directed by Griffith. He was not a major actor in the Biograph stock company, typically playing smaller roles than the more prominent actors, such as Henry B. Walthall or Robert Harron. Carey's notable films at Biograph include: An Unseen Enemy (1912) the debut of Lillian and Dorothy Gish, The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912), Griffith's pioneering examination of inner city gangsters, and Olaf - An Atom (1913) a lead role for Carey.

Carey moved to Hollywood with Biograph in 1911. His career as a western star began after he joined the Universal Film Manufacturing Company in 1915. Most of his initial films at Universal were shorts. He first played a character named Cheyenne Harry in a 1916 feature, A Knight of the Range. A pretty twenty year old, Olive Fuller Gordon, Carey's future wife, and Hoot Gibson were his co-stars. Also in 1916, Carey starred in the first film version of Three Godfathers, directed by Edward LeSaint and based on a 1913 novel by Peter B. Kyne. The novel was adapted subsequently to several films. Carey and John Ford produced a 1919 version, Marked Men. Under the original title are a 1930 version with Charles Bickford, a 1936 version with Chester Morris, and a 1948 John Ford version with John Wayne and Harry Carey Jr. Ford dedicated the film to Carey Sr's memory.

Carey's first film with Jack Ford was a three reel short, Soul Herder (1917), Ford's fourth directorial credit. Hoot Gibson was also in the cast. Straight Shooting, the first feature made by Ford and Carey, was followed by 21 more westerns made by the pair. In many of these films, Carey used the name "Cheyenne Harry" for his character. Although the name was the same, the character in each film was distinct. Carey's final silent with Ford was Desperate Trails (1921). Unfortunately, most of the Ford/Carey silents are lost films. The intact survivors, including Bucking Broadway (1917) and Hell Bent (1918) feature Carey using the "Cheyenne Harry" name.

With his plain features and unadorned costumes, Carey appears the conventional movie cowboy. He is distinguished by his forceful persona, intense gaze, and individualized mannerisms.

Carey left Universal in 1922, shortly after Ford moved to Fox Films. Through the 1920's Carey continued to star in westerns, mostly low budget films made by newly formed production companies, including Robertson-Cole Pictures Corporation and Hunt Stromberg Productions.

Ford's Supporting Players

Nine actors appeared in multiple Ford/Carey films. Molly Malone and Neva Gerber played Carey's love interest in several films. The characters played by Vester Pegg, Duke Lee, and Joe Harris varied greatly from film to film, from uprightness in one film to utter villainy in the next.

Neva Gerber

Neva Gerber was 21 years old in 1912 when her film career began with the Kalem Film Company. She joined the Universal Film Company in 1916 and was Carey's costar in four films. Pleasant and attractive, her substantial presence and self assurance made her a forceful costar for Carey. In the 1920's Gerber teamed with actor-director Ben F. Wilson to make a series of action movies, mostly serials and westerns. Gerber appeared in two talkies directed by Wilson. After his death in 1930, she left the screen.

Hoot Gibson

Hoot Gibson's film career began in 1910 with a few films for the Biograph Company interspersed among rodeo competitions. In 1914 he was a stuntman for the serial, The Hazards of Helen, doubling the serial's star Helen Holmes. His stunts included fights on trains and transfers from a train to a horse. He had supporting roles in numerous western shorts, including playing the villain in Knights of the Range (1916) opposite Harry Carey. Hoot appeared in three of the 1917 westerns made by Carey and Ford: Straight Shooting, The Secret Man, and A Marked Man. Hoot's starring career at Universal Studios was launched in two films directed by Ford, Action (1921) and Sure Fire (1921). In these films, Hoot plays a wandering cowboy who rescues his co-star from outlaws. Hoot became a popular western star for Universal. Films with titles such as Ridin' Wild (1922), Thrill Chaser (1923), Hit and Run (1924), Hurricane Kid (1925), and Galloping Fury (1927) guaranteed Hoot's fans five reels of action and fun. Hoot's easy going approach gave his films a lighthearted tone. A deft comedian, he featured as much comedy as drama.

As talkies arrived, Hoot continued as a western star, but with lower budgets from producers such as M.H. Hoffman Inc (distributed on a state rights basis by Allied Pictures Corporation) and Walker Futter Productions (Diversion Pictures). In 1935, Hoot co-starred with Harry Carey in Powdersmoke Range, advertised by RKO as the "Barnum and Bailey of Westerns" (whatever that means). The cast list of this "all star" (B western stars) film included Bob Steele, Guinn "Big Boy" Williams, Tom Tyler, William Farnum, and other westerners from the silent era. Hoot made a final set of program westerns in 1944 and retired from the screen.

Mignonne Golden

Mignonne Golden had a brief screen career. She only appeared in six films, 1920-1923, all starring Harry Carey. The Wallop (1921) was directed by Ford. The other five were directed by Val Paul, three at Universal and two at Robertson-Cole. Mignonne was Carey's sister-in-law, the sister of Olive Golden Carey. Besides supporting Carey in six films, Mignonne appeared with him in his stage act. In the 1920s, Carey made several vaudeville tours featuring Western sketches with Mignonne in support .

Joseph Harris

Most of Joe Harris's films were westerns. Harris began his screen career in 1914 and had made over 60 shorts by 1916. Harris appeared with Carey in approximately twenty films. In 1918 he played the villain in Hell Bent, the first of his seven Carey/Ford film roles. While at Universal, Harris also appeared in Ford directed films starring Frank Mayo and Hoot Gibson. In 1922 at Fox Films, he appeared in Ford directed films starring Buck Jones and Tom Mix. His final two films in 1923 starred Carey.

Harris was a lifelong friend of Harry Carey. After his movie career ended, he worked for Carey and lived with the Carey family, presumably on Carey's ranch. Carey had been dead for several years when Harris died in 1953, reportedly at the home of Harry Carey Jr.

Gloria Hop

Gloria Hope has 27 credited film appearances from 1917 to 1926. A pretty blond, her roles were frequently as the sister or the youthful love interest of the star. Beside Universal, She acted for Ince, Triangle, Paramount and Goldwyn. She was the much younger love interest of Carey in two 1919 films, The Outcasts of Poker Flat and The Rider of the Law. In 1920, she was the love interest of Tom Mix in The Texan. In 1922, she had a featured role in the Mary Pickford vehicle Tess of the Storm Country. In 1926, Gloria married actor Lloyd Hughes and retired. The marriage lasted 32 years until Hughes' death in 1958.

Duke R. Lee

Duke R. Lee was active from 1914 to 1946. A hearty-looking actor with an open, unpolished manner, Lee made a jovial and lively friend or a menacing enemy. Almost all his films were westerns. He was in many Carey films, six of them directed by Ford. He also appeared with notable silent westerners Tom Mix, Jack Hoxie, Art Accord, Hoot Gibson and Jack Holt. Lee continued into talkies, mostly in uncredited roles, in films starring Ken Maynard, Bob Custer, Tom Tyler, Hoot Gibson and Gene Autry. He was uncredited in four John Ford talkies, Judge Priest (1934), Prisoner of Shark Island (1936), Stagecoach (1939) and My Darling Clementine (1946), Lee's final film.

J. Farrell MacDonald

After his graduation from Yale University in 1903, J. Farrell MacDonald started his acting career on the stage and came to films after extensive theatrical experience. MacDonald was heavy set and plain featured, with a round face and nearly bald head. Despite a stern demeanor, his film characters were usually sociable and fatherly. Talkies revealed a gravely voice that lent itself to roles as policemen and clergymen.

In 1910, MacDonald started at Biograph and was an actor and director at a variety of early film studios, including Imp, Triangle, Sennett, and Pathe. He was in seven of the Ford/Carey features. He acted for Ford at Fox Studios and had prominent roles in The Iron Horse (1924) and Three Bad Men(1926), Ford's most important silent westerns. After 1929, MacDonald made many westerns but also was frequently cast, in contemporary settings, as an Irish policeman. MacDonald's was in six Ford talkies, including My Darling Clementine (1946) and When Willie Comes Marching Home (1950).

Molly Malone

Molly Malone's relatively short screen career, 1916-1929, was confined to silent films. An older actress she was nearly 29 when she appeared in her first Ford/Carey film, The Soul Herder (1917). She acted in the first eight Ford/Carey features. She was Carey's love interest in Straight Shooting. After leaving Universal, Malone was with several small film companies, including Nester and Selznick. By 1921, she was mostly down the cast list, playing character roles.

Vester Pegg

Vester Pegg was thin and somewhat sharp featured with a small dark mustache. His looks enhanced his frequent roles as devious, sulking villains. Pegg's film career began in 1912, and he had small roles in Griffith's The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance. He appeared with Carey in several shorts including the two directed by Ford, Soul Herder and Cheyenne's Pal. He appears in many Carey/Ford features, including a prominent role in Straight Shooting where he and Carey stalk each other through the streets of a western town. In the twenties Pegg had small parts with many western stars including Jack Mower, Franklyn Farnum, Hal Taliaferro, Buck Jones and Jack Holt. By 1928 he was in uncredited roles, usually playing henchmen. He continued into talkies playing uncredited henchmen in films with stars such as Buck Jones and George O'Brien. He was in Ford's 1930's films Steamboat Round the Bend, Prisoner of Shark Island, and plays one of the Plummer boys who have a shootout with John Wayne in Stagecoach In the early forties he is in Roy Rogers westerns. His final film was an uncredited role in the Columbia Pictures production Best Man Wins (1948).

William Steele (William Gettinger)

From the start of his film career in 1912 until his final film in 1956, William Steele appeared almost exclusively in westerns. Tall, well built, and good looking, Steele filled the background of a scene where he looked good, but was not required to act. His birth name was William Gittinger. Early in his career he used several variations on Gittenger. In his six roles in Ford/Carey westerns he is named in the cast list as William Gettinger. He assumed the screen name William Steele in 1921. During the twenties, Steele appeared with cowboy stars such as Jack Hoxie, Buck Jones, and Hoot Gibson. During the thirties, Steele appeared uncredited in many programer westerns, frequently with Buck Jones. From the late thirties, Steele began to appear, uncredited, in high budget westerns such as Destry Rides Again (1939), San Antonio (1945), and Calamity Jane (1953). He had roles in two John Ford talkies, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949) and The Searchers (1956). In The Searchers, Steele's final film. his named character, Nesby, is a member of a posse led by Ward Bond.

Ford's Cinematographers

Film reviewers praised the fine photography of the Ford/Carey films in almost every review. Cinematography featuring the spectacular scenery of the American West was an important component of Ford's films from the beginning of his directorial career and greatly enhanced his films with Carey. The fine photography of the Ford/Carey films was mostly the work of two cameramen, Benjamin F. Reynolds and John W Brown.

Benjamin F. Reynolds

Ben Reynolds was shooting newsreels for Universal Animated Weekly and was an assistant cameraman on low budget dramatic productions at the time he was assigned to shoot Ford's first film, The Scrapper. Ford took Reynolds to shoot Soul Herder and then Straight Shooting. His skills made him a valuable member of the Ford/Carey troupe. He filmed 12 Ford/Carey features. Reynolds remained with Universal after the departures of Ford and Carey. In 1919, he photographed Erich von Stroheim's first feature Blind Husbands and subsequently became von Stroheim's chief cinematographer, filming all of his major productions, including Foolish Wives (1922) and Greed (1924). During the 1930's, at Paramount, Reynolds photographed several of the studio's Zane Gray adaptations starring Randolph Scott, directed by Henry Hathaway. He also was cameraman on two WC Fields films, Tillie and Gus (1933), and The Old Fashioned Way (1934). Ill health forced his retirement in 1935.

John W. Brown

John W Brown, who also went by Jack Brown, accumulated 71 credits during his short, 1915 to 1926, career as a cinematographer. He worked with Ben Reynolds on six of the early Ford/Carey films and was the principle cameraman on most of the films made in 1919. None of the Ford/Carey films he photographed are known to survive.

References

  • The Tornado. March 3, 1917. "Motography"
  • The Trail of Hate. April, 1917. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Bison Films. The Trail of Hate. April 28, 1917. "Motion Picture World"
  • The Scrapper. June 9, 1917. "Moving Picture World"
  • Something About The Scrapper. June 1917. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Jack Ford in "The Scrapper". July 7, 1917. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • "The Soul Herder". July 1917. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • "Cheyenne's Pal". August 1917. "Exhibitors Herald"
  • Peter Milne. The Secret Man. October 13, 1917. "Motion Picture News"
  • Genevieve Harris. The Secret Man. October. 1917. "Motography"
  • Secret Man. October 13,1917. "Motion Picture News"
  • Robert C. McElravy. The Marked Man. November 10, 1917. "The Moving Picture World"
  • Film Reviews. Phantom Raiders. February 1, 1918. "Variety"
  • Phantom Riders. "February 1918. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Wild Women. February 25, 1918. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Wild Women. March 2, 1918. "The Moving Picture World"
  • Thieves' Gold. March 30, 1918. "Motion Picture Weekly"
  • Peter Milne. Thieves' Gold. March 30, 1918. "Motion Picture News"
  • Samuel C. Palmer. Scarlet Drop. April 27, 1918. "Motion Picture News"
  • Scarlet Drop. April 22, 1918. "Exhibitor's Herald"
  • The Harry Carey Special Production "Hell Bent", July 1918. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • A Woman's Fool. August 10, 1918. "Exhibitors Herald"
  • Press Sheet for Harry Carey in "A Woman's Fool". August 14, 1918. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Prairie Kitchen Makes Bow in Carey's "A Woman's Fool". August 14,1918."Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Three Mounted Men—Universal Special. October 12, 1918. "Motion Picture News"
  • Three Mounted Men. October 21, 1918. "Wid's Daily"
  • Film Reviews. Three Mounted Men. November 1,1918. "Variety"
  • Roped—Universal Special. January 4, 1919. "Motion Picture News"
  • Film Reviews. Roped. January 31, 1919. "Variety"
  • Story and Publicity Matter for "A Fight For Love". March 1919. "The Moving Picture Weekly"
  • A Fight For Love. March 9, 1919. "Wid's Daily"
  • Film Reviews. A Fight For Love. March 21,1919. "Variety"
  • Bare Fists. April 20, 1919. "Wid's Daily"
  • Lawrence Reid. Bare Fists—Universal. April 26, 1919. "Motion Picture News"
  • Riders of Vengeance — Universal. May 31, 1919. "Motion Picture News"
  • Riders of Vengeance. June 9, 1919. "Wid's Daily"
  • Riders of Vengeance. June 13, 1919. "Variety"
  • Patsy Smith. Among the Women. June 13, 1919. "Variety"
  • Outcasts of Poker Flat Service Page. May 1919. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Special Service Section for Harry Carey in "Ace of the Salile". August 16, 1919. "Motion Picture News"
  • Western Meller With Good Story Foundation. October 12, 1919. "Wid's Daily"
  • Rider of the Law. November 14, 1919. "Variety"
  • Service Page for "A Gunfighting Gentleman". November 1919. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Service Page for "Marked Men". December 1919. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Service Page for "The Freeze Out". March 1921. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • McElliott. A Western Gunman Provides Various Anxious Moments. March 31, 1921. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Service Page for "The Wallop". May 7, 1921. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Service Page for "Desperate Trails". June 25, 1921. "Moving Picture Weekly"
  • Obituary. J. Farrell MacDonald. August 6, 1953. "Variety"
  • Peter Bogdanovich. JOHN FORD. 1968. University of California Press
  • Albin Krebs. John Ford, The Movie Director Who Won 5 Oscars, Dies at 78. September 1, 1973. "New York Times"
  • David Kiehn. Hell Bent. 2019. San Francisco Silent Film Festival Booklet

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